Sound Recording

Chapter 1

(Day 1)

What is sound?

कुनै माध्यममा कुनै वस्तु कम्पन भर्इ उत्पन्न हुने तर¨ हाम्रो सुन्ने शतिmले दिमागमा असर पु(याउ"छ वा कम्पन गराउ"छ भने त्यसलार्इ ध्वनी  (sound) भनिन्छ ।
What is frequency?

चक्रले एक सेकेन्डमा जति cycle  बनाउ"छ त्यहि नै  frequency हो ।
frequency लार्इ जाच्ने सुत्र:
frequency : c/sec (hz)



frequency लार्इ { hz (unit) मा नापिन्छ र Amplitude लार्इ voltage मा नापिन्छ ।

Radio magazine

Radio magazine, a radio broadcasting trade publication, covers the technology side of radio broadcasting. The publication's focus is to deliver in-depth technical expertise while observing high standards of editorial content. Radio magazine is targeted at radio broadcast engineers, technology managers and owners of radio stations, networks, and recording studios.
History
Radio magazine was first published in 1994 under the title BE Radio[citation needed]. It is, essentially, a spin-off of Broadcast Engineering magazine, which began publication in 1959
Prior to 1994, Broadcast Engineering (often known as "BE") covered radio, television, and cable broadcasting. In 1993, the editors of BE, recognizing a growing divergence in the technical issues faced by radio and television broadcasting, chose to split the scope of the original magazine. This resulted in the creation of BE Radio, to cover only the radio broadcasting industry, and narrowed the scope of Broadcast Engineering to television and cable broadcasting only.

As the readerships of the two magazines diverged, the "BE" initialism ceased to have relevance for BE Radio, and in 2001 the decision was made to drop the initials from the title, leading to the current (as of 2007[update]) title of Radio.

As of 2007[update] both magazines continued to be owned by the same publisher[who?] (though that publisher has changed several times).
External links
Radio Magazine". http://radiomagonline.com/. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
Broadcast Engineering". http://broadcastengineering.com. Retrieved 2007-05-06.

Tower FM



Tower FM is a British Independent Local Radio station which broadcasts across the towns of Bolton and Bury and parts of north Manchester from its studios in Wigan.



dadeldhura-district-headquarter-in-far-west-nepal-2



The radio station was given the name "Tower" as a local link to both towns in the station's coverage area; Turton Tower in Bolton and Peel Tower on Holcombe Hill at Ramsbottom near Bury.



Originally an RSL (restricted service licence) radio station, the team behind the project won the full time licence and the station began broadcasting on 20 March 1999.

As an RSL, Tower FM broadcast from Bury via a link to the transmitter on Peel Tower. The radio station only broadcast from Bolton once the main base was established on Gaskell Street, Bolton.
Since that time the station has changed ownership twice and is now owned by UTV Radio.

FM Antenna

A do-it-yourself project
The single most important thing that you can do to improve your reception of WRYR-LP is to use a good antenna.
It's easy to build a good antenna for listening to FM radio. The design given here can be built in under half an hour if you have the parts and it works better than products from Radio Shack and elsewhere that cost over $100. This antenna works much better than
most commercial powered or amplified units.

Omnidirectional antenna

An omnidirectional antenna is an antenna which radiates power uniformly in one plane, with the radiated power decreasing with elevation angle above or below the plane, dropping to zero on the antenna's axis. This radiation pattern is often described as "donut shaped". Omnidirectional antennas oriented vertically are widely used for nondirectional antennas on the surface of the Earth because they radiate equally in all horizontal directions, while the power radiated drops off with elevation angle so little radio energy is aimed into the sky or down toward the earth and wasted. Omnidirectional antennas are widely used for radio broadcasting antennas, and in mobile devices that use radio such as cell phones, FM radios, walkie-talkies, Wifi, cordless phones, GPS as well as for base stations that communicate with mobile radios, such as police and taxi dispatchers and aircraft communications.



Omnidirectional radiation pattern of a vertical dipole antenna. In this graph the antenna is at the center of the "donut". Radial distance from the center represents the power radiated in that direction. The power radiated is maximum in horizontal directions, dropping to zero directly above and below the antenna.

Satellite radio

Satellite radio is an analogue or digital radio signal that is relayed through one or more satellites and thus can be received in a much wider geographical area than terrestrial FM radio stations. While in Europe many primarily-FM radio stations provide an additional unencrypted satellite feed, there are also subscription based digital packages of numerous channels that do not broadcast terrestrially, notably in the US. In Europe, FM radio is used by many suppliers that use a network of several local FM repeaters to broadcast a single programme to a large area, usually a whole nation. Many of those have an additional satellite signal that can be heard in many parts of the continent. In contrast, US terrestrial stations are always local and each of them has a unique programme, albeit they are sometimes interconnected for syndicated contents; but each local station still carries its own commercial and news breaks even then.

Digital radio

Digital radio has several meanings.

1.Today the most common meaning is digital radio broadcasting technologies, such as the digital audio broadcasting (DAB) system, also known as Eureka 147. In these systems, the analog audio signal is digitized into zeros and ones, compressed using formats such as mp3, and transmitted using a digital modulation scheme. The aim is to increase the number of radio programs in a given spectrum, to improve the audio quality, to eliminate fading problems in mobile environments, to allow additional datacasting services, and to decrease the transmission power or the number of transmitters required to cover a region. However, analog radio programs and equipment, especially for the FM broadcasting system, still dominate the market. Digital radio broadcasting standards may provide terrestrial or satellite radio service. Digital radio broadcasting systems are typically designed for handheld mobile devices, just like mobile-TV systems, but as opposed to other digital TV systems which typically require a fixed directional antenna. Some digital radio systems provide in-band on-channel (IBOC) solutions that may coexist with or simulcast with analog AM or FM transmissions, while others are designed for designated radio frequency bands.

Sound recording



Digital recorder



Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical or mechanical inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects. The two main classes of sound recording technology are analog recording and digital recording. Acoustic analog recording is achieved by a small microphone diaphragm that can detect changes in atmospheric pressure (acoustic sound waves) and record them as a graphic representation of the sound waves on a medium such as a phonograph (in which a stylus senses grooves on a record). In magnetic tape recording, the sound waves vibrate the microphone diaphragm and are converted into a varying electric current, which is then converted to a varying magnetic field by an electromagnet, which makes a representation of the sound as magnetized areas on a plastic tape with a magnetic coating on it. Analog sound reproduction is the reverse process, with a bigger loudspeaker diaphragm causing changes to atmospheric pressure to form acoustic sound waves. Electronically generated sound waves may also be recorded directly from devices such as an electric guitar pickup or a synthesizer, without the use of acoustics in the recording process other than the need for musicians to hear how well they are playing during recording sessions.

Sound quality

Sound quality is the quality of  the audio output from various electronic devices. Sound quality can be defined as the degree of accuracy with which a device records or emits the original sound waves. Sound quality is also the physical pleasure or fatigue experienced by a listener.


In a live setting the skill of the musicians, the tonal quality of their instruments, and the physical traits of the venue, determine sound quality.

In a playback setting, sound quality is characterized by the same traits as in a live setting but is also affected by the recording techniques and equipment used, from the microphones at the session, through the pressing at the record or compact disc factory, to the quality of electronics and speakers used to recreate the sound in a listener's home.

Radio Production

Facts about Audio Broadcasting and the Duties of a Radio Producer

Radio has no boundaries; any person with a radio has the potential to receive a signal, and thus a transmission. The idea of being able to reach so many people is an enticing prospect to anyone interested in the field of communications. As Robert McLeish states in his book Radio Production, radio is perhaps the most accessible form of media; people often tune into the radio while driving, while working around the house or yard, and even while exercising.

Not only does radio have the potential to reach many people, it also has the power to express emotion through the power of voice. McLeish points out that the ability to project audible emotion into one’s broadcast gives radio a certain advantage over print journalism.

Creative Writing Skills in radio

where to start? If you want to create great radio – it helps if you’re enjoying yourself at the same time. Therefore, it was important that the staff felt relaxed and enthusiastic about the task ahead of them. I wanted the team to experience the sheer fun of making radio. It shouldn’t be a chore. After all, we’re talking about entertainment. That’s not to say all commercials/spots should be whacky or humorous, but the process itself should certainly be an enjoyable one. It’s hard to be creative if you’re nervous and stressed out. In order to achieve this, the writers need to have a sense of freedom. Like any discipline you need an appreciation of the basics before your ideas can truly take flight. In other words… you’ve got to walk before you can run. In this posting I’ll discuss the training methods used to introduce the staff at Radio Ethiopia and the BBC WST to the basics of spot production.

Old time radio

With the birth of internet (in part), there has been a resurgence of interest in what is now called old-time radio (OTR) with surviving shows being traded and collected in reel-to-reel, cassette, CD, MP3 formats and internet download. Some of the most popular shows were Honest Harold, Amos and Andy, Burns and Allen, and Colgate Comedy classics. On Sunday, January 1, 1956 at 11PM, there were plans to broadcast the final Comedy Hour both on radio and television in New York. This was to be final show before format changed. The show planned to invite the three major teams in the world of comedy: Laurel and Hardy, Abbott and Costello, and Martin and Lewis for an hour (plus) special. 1956 was the last year all those teams were together. All three teams had a radio show of their own in the late 1940s and early 1950s

Career in Radio

What Kind of Education Do I Need for a Career in Radio?
If you’re thinking about a career in radio, you might be wondering what kind of education or schooling you need in order to get there. Perhaps you’ve even scoped out a few broadcasting schools to see if one of them is right for you. It’s enough to make you wonder how badly you really need that degree or certificate—and what your alternatives are.

There are several ways to go about this, but in general there are three paths of education you can take to prepare for a career in radio:

Radio DJ

Knowing what you should get out of radio school is an important part of the school-scouting process. It may seem obvious at first--you want to get a degree! You want to gain some knowledge! But in fact, there are many other factors to consider as well. Nobody has to tell you that the job market is tough out there. Although the relatively new world of satellite radio has expanded the market in many ways, it's still a hard industry to break into, and these days it's more competitive than ever. Radio school is one effective way to give yourself an edge over the competition. But you need to be smart about it and make sure you're getting all you can out of the experience. Below are some of the things to consider when checking out different programs:

Recording Studio

What You Can Learn In a Recording Studio
There are lots of audio engineers who have gone to school to learn about recording and engineering; however, there's also many individuals that have bypassed school and learned the trade by interning at a local recording studio, eventually picking up enough skills to work as being an audio engineer, or even open their very own studios. Here is simply several of what you can learn in a recording studio:
Technical skills. Although you may start as being an assistant or even a "gopher", by hanging out the devices and communicating with them, you're going to be surprised at what you can know about it. Most engineers regards as you take an interest in their work, and so are more than willing to pass of what they've known. This type of mentoring is the greatest approach to learn. Along the way, you can learn not only how to run the devices, but also things like microphone placement, ways to improve acoustics, and much more.

Technical Radio Schools

A Brief Discussion On Technical Radio Schools

Technical radio schools are usually those that will help you master the technical side of radio. If you have plans on working on the tools and equipment utilized in the radio industry rather than being a talent then this kind of educational institution can be useful. Technical radio schools can teach you what you need to know about sound recording, engineering, the usage of hardware such as sound boards and microphones, and the software used in the industry today to start working instantly. You should consider if a traditional classroom environment would be the right place for you, or if you would learn more effectively through a non-traditional method.

Community Radio in Nepal

An Interview with Bharat Dutta Koirala published on BRIEFING DOCUMENT: COMMUNITY RADIO IN INDIA, Proceedings of an Internet Conference on The Hoot      Interview by SEVANTI NINAN

Q: What is the current status of community radio in Nepal, how many independent stations are now running? Could you please give some names and locations.


Out of the 22 independent radio stations now operating in Nepal, four can be called community stations. The others are referred to as commercial stations but most of them have strong public service contents in their programming. Nepal's National Broadcasting Act does not provide clear distinction between commercial and community stations. The community radio stations are identified by their ownership and the power of the transmitters they use. Since license fees are based on the transmitter's capacity, from Rs. 50,000 for using a 100 watt transmitter to Rs.200,000 for using a 500 watt transmitter, the communities prefer to use low power (100 to 200 watts) transmitters since they have very limited financial resources. All of the private stations are on the FM band since the law specifies that private groups can operate radio stations only on the FM band.

Radio Station Information

This web section contains short information on the licensed or operational radio stations in Nepal. This includes the contact details and updates on new radio stations licensed by Ministry of Information & Communication.

Current Status

Broadcasting and wireless operation frequencies are issued by Frequency Division, Ministry of Information & Communication, Government of Nepal. The FM radio licenses are basically categorized and taxed according to their operational transmitter power. Officially, there is no other classification such as commercial or community radios.

History of radio broadcasting in Nepal

In Nepal, the first Radio station Radio Nepal was established in 1950. However, it can be estimated that even before 1950, the people had been possibly experiencing the taste of listening to the radio from the stations of neighboring countries. It is hard to say
when the people first started listening to the radio. But it can guessed that they have been listening to the radio for more than 75 years. India had already started broadcasting by 1923, and hence it is assumed that Nepalese working there certainly
listened to Indian radio broadcasts.

Satellite Radio

Satellite Radio Broadcasting
Equal Access uses the Digital Satellite Radio infrastructure to directly reach the participating communities in rural Nepal. Digital Satellite Radio (DSR) has many advantages as a tool to provide education to underserved rural communities.

• The satellite provides a crystal clear signal across a huge geographic area, providing equal service to rural and urban areas (a single beam of the satellite covers all of India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Sri Lanka),
• The equipment required to receive the signal is relatively cheap and manufactured in the region (by BPL, Bangalore, India), requires little power supply (we use a mix of solar and battery power at rural sites) and strongly resembles a regular radio allowing communities to quickly understand and operate the system,
• The DSR Receivers are simple to use and we have found that only a basic technical training is required for communities to use the systems,
• The satellite system primarily carries audio content, a medium for education that builds on the established oral traditions of rural communities and which overcomes illiteracy, and
• As the receivers are also digital, they can be connected to a computer and used to download any form of data/multimedia such as WebPages, a written syllabus or an electronic text book at up to 64kbps.

FM Stations in Kathmandu Valley

Kathmandu Valley
This web section contains a list of FM radio frequencies that can be comfortably tuned by a general handheld portable radio set. Additional frequencies can be tuned using a good quality radio set with high selectivity. Many radio signals from lower Tarai belt and surrounding districts can also be tuned comfortably in Shivapuri and surrounding areas.
Operational FM Radio Stations (as on March 15, 2008)

Kathmandu valley has the highest number of FM radio operators in the country with current status of operational radio stations as following:
Number of FM radio licenses issued: 36
Operational FM radio stations: 28
FM broadcasters with satellite uplink: 6 [#]

Connectors

The most common connectors used by microphones are:

Electronic symbol for a microphone

Male XLR connector on professional microphones
¼ inch (sometimes referred to as 6.5 mm) jack plug also known as 1/4 inch TRS connector on less expensive consumer microphones. Many consumer microphones use an unbalanced 1/4 inch phone jack. Harmonica microphones commonly use a high impedance 1/4 inch TS connection to be run through guitar amplifiers.
3.5 mm (sometimes referred to as 1/8 inch mini) stereo (wired as mono) mini phone plug on very inexpensive and computer microphones
Some microphones use other connectors, such as a 5-pin XLR, or mini XLR for connection to portable equipment. Some lavalier (or 'lapel', from the days of attaching the microphone to the news reporters suit lapel) microphones use a proprietary connector for connection to a wireless transmitter. Since 2005, professional-quality microphones with USB connections have begun to appear, designed for direct recording into computer-based software.

Microphone



A Neumann U87 condenser microphone with shock mount



A microphone (colloquially called a mic or mike; both pronounced) is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal. In 1876, Emile Berliner invented the first microphone used as a telephone voice transmitter. Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, tape recorders, karaoke systems, hearing aids, motion picture production, live and recorded audio engineering, FRS radios, megaphones, in radio and television broadcasting and in computers for recording voice, speech recognition, VoIP, and for non-acoustic purposes such as ultrasonic checking or knock sensors.

Most microphones today use electromagnetic induction (dynamic microphone), capacitance change (condenser microphone), piezoelectric generation, or light modulation to produce an electrical voltage signal from mechanical vibration.

Computer Science Programs

Computer Science Programs In America

Credential:
Bachelor of Science (BS/ SB)
Bachelor of Arts (BA/ AB)
Associate in Science (AS)
Associate of Applied Science (AAS)
Diplomas/ Certificates

Program Length:
4 years for bachelor's degrees
2 years for associate's degrees
1-2 years for diplomas
12-52 weeks for certificates

Entry
Bachelor's degree - direct entry
Associate's degree - direct entry
Certificate - direct entry

Computer Science

New developments in computer science are needed in order to fuel advances in almost every area of our lives, from biotechnology to business, and from education to entertainment. That makes computer science one of the most exciting disciplines to study, where you can have an impact on real world problems. So, if you like strategy games -- chess, checkers, computer games -- or are good at math and enjoy pulling things apart, then a major in computer science may be for you!    http://www.schoolsintheusa.com/ComputerScience.cfm

Radio Technician

Radio technicians are the behind-the-scenes technicians of radio broadcasting. They design, set up, operate and maintain equipment used for radio broadcasting. They repair radio equipment and transmitters and make sure that technical difficulties never arise. If your radio becomes muffled or dies, there is a radio technician working frantically to restore the sound over the airwaves.
Radio technicians mainly receive and transmit communications using a variety of tools. They are also responsible for repairing equipment using such devices as electronic testing equipment, hand tools, and power tools. These help to maintain communication systems in an operative condition.

Good Technician

These are the battle cries of our industry. But before you throw in the towel, hop in your truck and head off into the sunset, take another look at whether or not you really need more employees.
In some shops, the solution will turn out to be getting more production out of the technicians you already have. In other shops, the problem can actually be too many people on board. There is a guideline you can use to sort this out. Take your gross sales (minus sales tax) and divide by the number of production people you have. The resulting figure should be at least $12,500 per production person per month. Most shops should be in the $15,000 to $16,000 range. If you are a specialist, your numbers should be in the $20,000-plus range. If your number is a lot lower, you're not getting enough production out of the guys you already have.

http://www.radiodiaries.org/handbook3.html

How to Write a Radio Script
Learning how to write a radio script is critical for proper execution of a radio performance. The script must include various cues for dialogue, music, and sound effects and be able to quickly and clearly communicate the writer's objectives to the cast and crew. Here is a guide on how to write a radio script.

Instructions:
1 Formulate a story idea. Outline your characters, plot, setting, conflict and resolution.

2 Write a narrative of the story. Put the "meat" of the story on the bones of your outline. Always keep the limitations of radio in mind. You are writing for listeners, not viewers.

3 Divide the narrative into scenes, with good descriptions of setting, character, and sound effects.

Using Recording device

Technical Tips :
Get comfortable with the equipment
Play around with the recording device (minidisc recorder, DAT machine, tape recorder) on your own until you are very familiar with all the buttons and knobs. It's important to do this before you begin; if you're relaxed with the recorder and the microphone, the people you're interviewing will be too.
* Get organized
Always make sure you have enough minidiscs, DATs or cassettes and an extra set of batteries. Don't leave long cables hanging out, or you'll have to spend time untangling everything. Get a shoulder bag to hold everything. The more prepared you are, the more you can concentrate on the important things.   http://www.radiodiaries.org/handbook3.html

Radio Report

TIPS on Reporting for Radio
Using voices and sounds to tell a story are great ways to get your views/points across to an audience. Radio can be a news report; a commentary, a conversation. It can be an audio postcard. Here are some ways to report using audio.
Keep an audio journal ~ Use the tape recorder as an electronic diary. Relax and try to forget about the microphone. Speak the way you do normally. Imagine that you're just talking to a friend. Being natural takes practice. http://www.radiodiaries.org/makeyourown.html

Mixing console

Mixing console

BBC Local Radio Mark III radio mixing desk



In professional audio, a mixing console, or audio mixer, also called a sound board, mixing desk, or mixer is an electronic device for combining (also called "mixing"), routing, and changing the level, timbre and/or dynamics of audio signals. A mixer can mix analog or digital signals, depending on the type of mixer. The modified signals (voltages or digital samples) are summed to produce the combined output signals.

Mixing consoles are used in many applications, including recording studios, public address systems, sound reinforcement systems, broadcasting, television, and film post-production. An example of a simple application would be to enable the signals that originated from two separate microphones (each being used by vocalists singing a duet, perhaps) to be heard through one set of speakers simultaneously. When used for live performances, the signal produced by the mixer will usually be sent directly to an amplifier, unless that particular mixer is "powered" or it is being connected to powered speakers.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_console

Mixer

Mixing console


BBC Local Radio Mark III radio mixing desk



In professional audio, a mixing console, or audio mixer, also called a sound board, mixing desk, or mixer is an electronic device for combining (also called "mixing"), routing, and changing the level, timbre and/or dynamics of audio signals. A mixer can mix analog or digital signals, depending on the type of mixer. The modified signals (voltages or digital samples) are summed to produce the combined output signals.



Mixing consoles are used in many applications, including recording studios, public address systems, sound reinforcement systems, broadcasting, television, and film post-production. An example of a simple application would be to enable the signals that originated from two separate microphones (each being used by vocalists singing a duet, perhaps) to be heard through one set of speakers simultaneously. When used for live performances, the signal produced by the mixer will usually be sent directly to an amplifier, unless that particular mixer is "powered" or it is being connected to powered speakers.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_console

FM Transmitter

Here is the schematic, PC board pattern, and parts placement for a low powered FM transmitter. The range of the transmitter when running at 9V is about 300 feet. Running it from 12V increases the range to about 400 feet. This transmitter should not be used as a room or telephone bug.



PC Board Layout



http://www.aaroncake.net/circuits/fmtrans.asp

Transmeter

The Transmeter is a digital, state-of-the-art electricity meter, with modular plug-in electronics, encased in a 13.5"H x 8.5"W x4.5"D NEMA-type enclosure. The meter provides a wide range of energy metering information, from simple consumption of kilowatt hours to peak kW, kVAR, and kVA demand, kWH, kVARH and kVAH consumption, Volts, Amps, Power Factor, Phase Angle, Frequency, 15-minute Data Logging, Phase and Event Diagnostics.

History of radio



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio

 For the controversy about who invented radio, see Invention of radio. For the programming of early radio stations, see Old-time radio.

The early history of radio is the history of technology that produced radio instruments that use radio waves. Within the timeline of radio, many people contributed theory and inventions in what became radio.[1] Radio development began as "wireless telegraphy".[1] Later radio history increasingly involves matters of programming and content. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio

History of radio

About Radio

Early uses were maritime, for sending telegraphic messages using Morse code between ships and land. The earliest users included the Japanese Navy scouting the Russian fleet during the Battle of Tsushima in 1905. One of the most memorable uses of marine telegraphy was during the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912, including communications between operators on the sinking ship and nearby vessels, and communications to shore stations listing the survivors.

Audio

AM radio uses amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude of the transmitted signal is made proportional to the sound amplitude captured (transduced) by the microphone, while the transmitted frequency remains unchanged. Transmissions are affected by static and interference because lightning and other sources of radio emissions on the same frequency add their amplitudes to the original transmitted amplitude. In the early part of the 20th century, American AM radio stations broadcast with powers as high as 500 kW, and some could be heard worldwide; these stations' transmitters were commandeered for military use by the US Government during World War II. Currently, the maximum broadcast power for a civilian AM radio station in the United States and Canada is 50 kW, and the majority of stations that emit signals this powerful were grandfathered in (see List of 50kw AM radio stations in the USA).